ENGLISH GRADE 8: LESSON 2 Sharing the Knowledge Learned

•  What do the pictures have in common?
• The dances show respect commonly show respect for their history, culture and tradition.
•  What is being represented in the pictures above?
•   The pictures above represent the dancers, their culture, and their dance.

IRF Worksheet

I. East Asian traditional dances don’t just represent entertainment; They also represent history, tradition, and culture. Dances have their own history; Some of them even stretch far back to the ancient times. Some examples are the Indian dances that lasted from ancient ages until today. Dances also show their respect for their tradition and culture. Their costumes, the way they wear it, and how they dance with it, could explain history, culture, and tradition.

R

F

Content/Function Words

Content Words

·         They are sometimes used as subjects or stressed words in sentences, because they have meaning when left alone.

·         Example:

o   Nouns

o   Verbs

o   Adjectives

o   Averbs

Function Words

•     They are used as prepositions and are only used in relation to their sentence.
• Example:
• Article Words
• Linking Verbs
• Auxiliaries
• Conjunction
• Pronouns
• Preposition

Activity 2: Practice Makes Perfect

Use the retrieval chart to classify some of the words form the excerpt of The Prophet by Khali Gibran:

RETRIEVAL CHART
Content Words	Function Words
Work	Is
Love	Of
Grudge	To
Indifference	The
Speak	With

11/09/15

Take a look at some lines taken from the excerpt of The Prophet.

Work is love made visible. And if you cannot work with love but only with distaste, it is better that you should leave your work and sit at the gate of the temple and take alms of those who work with joy.

Excerpt from The Prophet by Khali Gibran

·         What is said about work in the paragraph?

o   According to the passage: Work is love made visible.

·         According to Gibran, what are the better things to do if one cannot work with love?

o   It’s better to leave your work if you don’t love it.

Coordinating Conjunctions

·         They connect words, phrases, and clauses. They are found in either the beginning or middle of the sentence.

o   Example I:

§  F: For: Adds a contributing thought to a sentence

§  A: And: Adds a similar thought to a sentence

§  N: Nor: Does neither of the ideas in a sentence

§  B: But: Adds a contrasting idea to a sentence

§  O: Or : Gives a choice to a sentence

§  Y: Yet: Does the opposite choice in the sentence

§  S: So : Gives a consequence or effect to a sentence

o   Example II:

§  Noun

§  Verbs

§  Adjectives

§  Adverbs

§  Phrases

§  Clauses

·         Dependent

·         Independent

Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinators are function words that join Dependent clauses to the main clause. They are those that connect ideas using:

·         Who

·         Whom

·         Whose

·         Which

·         That

These words not only introduce the subordinate clause, but also its relation to the main clause. The chief function is to clarify the relation between the two clauses. It shows:

·         Time

·         Place

·         Cause

·         Result

·         Exception

·         Condition

·         Alternative

Subordinating Expressions Examples:

·         Purpose

o   They read so that they learned

·         Cause and Effect

o   He failed because he didn’t study

·         Manner

o   Tess acts as if she knows everything

·         Place

o   I don’t know where it is!

Adjective Subordinate Clause

Usually introduced by the pronoun: who, whom, whose, which, and that.

·         The boy who won the prize is my cousin

·         She is one of the people whom I invited

·         They apologized to the man, whose window they had broken

11/09/15

Take a look at some lines taken from the excerpt of The Prophet.

Work is love made visible. And if you cannot work with love but only with distaste, it is better that you should leave your work and sit at the gate of the temple and take alms of those who work with joy.

Excerpt from The Prophet by Khali Gibran

·         What is said about work in the paragraph?

o   According to the passage: Work is love made visible.

·         According to Gibran, what are the better things to do if one cannot work with love?

o   It’s better to leave your work if you don’t love it.

Coordinating Conjunctions

·         They connect words, phrases, and clauses. They are found in either the beginning or middle of the sentence.

o   Example I:

§  F: For: Adds a contributing thought to a sentence

§  A: And: Adds a similar thought to a sentence

§  N: Nor: Does neither of the ideas in a sentence

§  B: But: Adds a contrasting idea to a sentence

§  O: Or : Gives a choice to a sentence

§  Y: Yet: Does the opposite choice in the sentence

§  S: So : Gives a consequence or effect to a sentence

o   Example II:

§  Noun

§  Verbs

§  Adjectives

§  Adverbs

§  Phrases

§  Clauses

·         Dependent

·         Independent

Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinators are function words that join Dependent clauses to the main clause. They are those that connect ideas using:

• ·         Who
• ·         Whom
• ·         Whose
• ·         Which
• ·         That

These words not only introduce the subordinate clause, but also its relation to the main clause. The chief function is to clarify the relation between the two clauses. It shows:

• ·         Time
• ·         Place
• ·         Cause
• ·         Result
• ·         Exception
• ·         Condition
• ·         Alternative
• Subordinating Expressions Examples:
• ·         Purpose
• o   They read so that they learned
• ·         Cause and Effect
• o   He failed because he didn’t study
• ·         Manner
• o   Tess acts as if she knows everything
• ·         Place
• o   I don’t know where it is!

Adjective Subordinate Clause

Usually introduced by the pronoun: who, whom, whose, which, and that.

• ·         The boy who won the prize is my cousin
• ·         She is one of the people whom I invited
• ·         They apologized to the man, whose window they had broken

11/19/15

Adjective 3: Connect me if I’m right

Use the conjunctions to connect the clauses.

• Yet 1. It was raining. We went out.
• So  2. It was a warm day. We took off our sweaters.
• But 3. He was an extravagant person. He did not spend all his money.
• And 4. He was an extravagant person. He spent his money foolishly.
• Or  5. Tell the truth. I will punish you.
• And 6. Tell the truth. I’ll not punish you.
• But 7. Anton lost his book. He didn’t look for it.
• Or  8. You will hand in your theme on time. I’ll impose a penalty.
• So  9. Josie studied hard for the test. She got a good grade.
• So 10. You are not paying attention. The teacher will scold you.

II.

• 1. She could not go out because she felt ill.
• 2. We went out when the rain stopped.
• 3. She did not know that she lost her watch.
• 4. The child is crying because he has been punished.
• 5. She was not sure if she could go.
• 6. She didn’t wear her new shoes although her mother told her to.
• 7. It was growing dark when she reached home.
• 8. I’ll attend your party since you invited me.
• 9. I’ll buy that picture because it is very pretty.
• 10. She has a lot of books but she doesn’t read them.

Activity 4: Vocabulary Mapping

Directions: Give the meaning of the italicized words using the vocabulary mapping procedure.

• ·   Rituals and prayers
• ·         Discourses between teachers and pupils
• ·         Moral undertones
• ·         Cultural revival

Word	Synonyms	Definition	Sentence
Rituals	Ceremony, Rite	A solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order.	Prayers are rituals done commonly around the world.
Discourse	Debate, Dialogue, Talk	Written or spoken communication or debate.	Discourses between teachers and pupils
Undertones	Connotation, atmosphere, Atmosphere	An underlying quality	Many of them with moral undertones.
Revival	Recovery, Comeback	Regain something

11/23/15

Activity 5: Read Quickly

Identify the topic sentence of each paragraph of the article about the Characteristics of Indian Literature.

·         Paragraph 1

o    Sanskrit Literature developed from oral tradition and were developed into holy texts that address Aryan gods.

·         Paragraph 2

o    Its epics involve ideas of statecraft, cosmology, philosophy, and science of war.

·         Paragraph 3

o    When Sanskrit grammar evolved, it was aimed to be put in order and brought a cultural revival.

·         Paragraph 4

o    Modern Indian literature, writing, vernacular language, and cultures were taught to colonial officials.

·         Paragraph 5

o    Post-independence India had their literature well established.

Activity 6 Outlining

Fill the outline of the article about the Characteristics of Indian Literature.

Stages of Development

·         Oral Literature

o    Developed into Vedic Holy texts connected to Aryan Gods

o    Contains Several Hymns addressed to various gods and is taught by high priests.

§  Rig Veda

§  Brahmans

o    Upanishads, teachers and pupils, follow the high priests

o    The Puranas were essentially the history of Aryans and also contains two famous Puranic epics.

§  Ramayana

§  Mahrabata

·         Beginnings of Sanskrit Literature(circa 400 A.D)

o    The writings were codified and put in order.

·         Modern Indian Literature

o    Modern Indian literature, writing, vernacular language, and cultures were taught to colonial officials.

12/07/15

Activity 5: Read Quickly

Identify the sentence of each paragraph of the characteristic of Indian Literature.

·         Paragraph 1:

o   Sanskrit literature developed from oral tradition addressing Aryan gods.

·         Paragraph 2:

o   Its epics involve statecraft, philosophy, cosmology, and science of war.

·         Paragraph 3:

o   Sanskrit grammar evolved about 400bc, and was aimed to be classified and put in order.

·         Paragraph 4:

o   Modern Indian literature, writing, vernacular, and culture, was taught to colonial official.

·         Paragraph 5:

o   Post-independence India had their literature well-established.

Activity 6: Outlining

Outline the development of Indian Literature.

Stages of Development

I.     Oral Literature a.  Development into Vedic holy texts connected to Aryan gods. b.  Contain several hymns addressed to various gods.                        i.   Rig Veda                      ii.   Brahmans c.  They were taught by the Upanishads d.  The Puranic epics essentially a history of Aryans. It also contains two of the most famous epics.                        i.   Ramayana                      ii.   Mahrabhata II.     Beginnings of Indian Literature a.  The writings were codified and put in order. b.  They were taught to colonial officials. III.     Modern Indian Literature a.  Post-independence India had their literature well-established. b.  Modern Indian literature, writing, vernacular, and culture, was taught to colonial official.

Activity 7: Getting items from news and newspapers

Collect news items and answer the questions:
Where does international news come from?	From all over the world.
What do they talk about mostly?	Current issues around the world.
Are news good or bad?	News are intended to be good.

12/14/15

Activity 8: Watch and Work

Directions:

Observation the epic Ramayana and do the following.

·         Group 1:

o   Arrange the event of the epic of Ramayana.

·         Group 2:

o   Accomplish the Actitude Analysis.

·         Group 3:

o   Identify the conflict of the Ramayana.

Group 1:

1.  Dasharata king of Ayodha, has three wives and two sons with Rama being the eldest.

2.  Sita chose Rama to be her husband.

3.  King Dasharata gave his throne to Bharata and banish Rama, as promised by his second wife.

4.  Rama obeys his father and banishes himself in the forest.

5.  Bharata begs Rama to come back to the kingdom and rule.

6.  Rama, Sita, and Lakshaman led a simple life in the forest.

7.  Ravana deceives Sita and kidnaps her.

8.  Hanuman helped Rama to rescue Sita.

9.  Hanuman’s tail is set on fire by Ravana.

10. Hanuman led a mighty battle against Ravana

11. Rama sets Sita free and helps defeat Ravana.

Group 2:

Name: Rama
Summary: Rama, son of Dasharata, was banished into the forest with his wife Sita, and his brother Lakshaman. They led a simple life until Sita was kidnapped by Ravana. Hanuman helped Rama rescue Sita, then defeats Ravana.
Attitudes	Actions
Brave	Rama came to Ravana to rescue his wife.
Obedient	Rama obeyed his father to banish himself to the forest.

Group 3:

Conflict: Ravana kidnapped Sita	Rama is helped by Hanuman rescue Sita.
	Ravana is defeated.
	The mighty battle against Ravana shaped how Rama loved his wife and he would go into a fight against the enemy to rescue her.

02/01/16

Activity 9: Oral Practice

 Identify the feeling of each saying of the characters in Ramanaya.

"I gladly obey father's command." – Rama	Happy and willing
“You must stand vigilant, guarding a sacrifice from demons for six days and seven nights.” – Visvamitra	Brave and confident
“My husband, remember when I saved your life in the battlefield so many years ago? And do you remember that you granted me two boons at that time. The time has come for you to fulfil your promise!” –Kaikeyi	Confident
“Oh woman, have you no heart? Please ask anything but not that.” – King Dasaratha	Sad and unwilling

Kinds of Sentences

·         Simple sentence

§  Simple sentence is a sentence with one independent clause and no subordinate clause. It may contain two or more verbs or two or more subjects connected by subordinators, but this does not alter the fact that only one thought is expressed.

o   Compound Sentence

§  Compound Sentence is a sentence composed of two or more independent clauses but no subordinate clauses. The clauses of a compound sentence may be separated by semi-colons or commas followed by coordinating conjunctions; or semi-colons followed by sentence connectors. You may separate the two main clauses of a compound sentence into two simple sentences.

o   Complex Sentence  

§  Complex Sentence is a sentence containing one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause.

o   Compound-Complex Sentence

§  Compound-Complex Sentence contains two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause.

Activity 10: Sentence Structure Test

Complex Sentence	Contains one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause.
Complex Sentence	Contains one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause.
Complex Sentence	Contains one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause.
Simple Sentence	Sentence with one independent clause and no subordinate clause.
Complex Sentence	Complex Sentence is a sentence containing one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause.
Compound Complex Sentence	Contains two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause.
Simple Sentence	Contains one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause.
Simple Sentence	Contains one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause.
Simple Sentence	Contains one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause.

02/08/16

Activity 11: WRITE A REFLECTION

Write a summary of the insights you have gained about the two characters in “The Ramayana”. Use a mixture of simple, compound and complex sentences to make your summary interesting.

1.  Characterize Rama as a husband and Sita as a wife.

a.  Rama:

                       i.   A caring husband who tried to protect his wife, Sita. Rama is also brave because he rescued Sita from Ravana.

b.  Sita:

                       i.   A loyal wife who loved Rama and devoted herself to him.

2.  How did Sita show her love and devotion to her husband? How about Rama to his wife?

a.  Sita showed her love and devotion to Rama by keeping herself from being tempted by Ravana.

Background on Persian Literature

Persian literature refers to the body of writings in Modern Persian. The form of Persian language emerged in the 19^th century, especially in north-eastern Iran. The first Persian writings were in verse. As prose translations from Arabic were made.

Activity 12: Building your Vocabulary

Find the meaning of the following words.

1.  Turret

a.  A projecting tower

2.  Anon

a.  Soon

3.  Vintage

a.  An earlier model

4.  Caravanserai

a.  A large inn

5.  Battered

a.  Run down

Activity 13: Reading meaning in poetry

Find the appropriate meaning of each message from “The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayam”.

1.  The Bird of Time has but a little way. To fly -- and Lo! The Bird is on the Wing.

a.  Life is short.

2.  The Worldly Hope men set their Hearts upon. Turns Ashes -- or it prospers;

a.  Men’s desire either fail or succeed.

3.  How Sultan after Sultan with his Pomp. Abode his Hour or two and went his way.

a.  A rich man doesn’t live permanently in a palace.

4.  Oh threats of Hell and Hopes of Paradise! One thing at least is certain--This Life flies:

a.  Life is either destined for Hell or Heaven.

5.  One thing is certain and the rest is lies; The Flower that once is blown for ever dies.
    a.All that live... dies.

02/14/16

Activity 16: Scanning for Specific Information

1.  What are inseparable in Asia?

a.  Drama, dance, and music.

2.  What are regarded as valued “classical” traditions in Asia?

a.  Variations of Shadow Theatre.

3.  What makes it difficult to draw a sharp borderline between and among dance, ceremonies and rituals?

a.  The deep intermingling of theatre, dance and religion makes it difficult to draw a sharp borderline between dance, ceremonies and rituals.

4.  Why is Asia, called a treasury of traditions representing development of theatrical performances?

a.  This may be due to the deep interrelationship with religion and rituals.

Asian Traditional Theatre and Dance

Interrelatedness of Traditional Theatre and Music	In Asia, drama, dance and music are inseparable. Most of the traditional forms of Asian performing art combine drama, dance and music into a kind of whole in which it is difficult to draw a clear borderline between these art forms. Most of the Asian traditions employ either dance or dance-like, stylized movements, while movements are frequently interwoven with text. In addition to this, most of the traditions are characterized by their own specific musical styles or genres. The acting technique, which employs dance-like body language, is usually very intricate and it demands many years of arduous training, as western ballet technique, for example, does. Therefore in Asia it is simply not possible to classify stage arts as nonverbal “dance” or “spoken theatre”.
Interaction between “living” and “puppet” theatre.	In Asia, puppet theatre and one of its variations, shadow theatre, are often regarded as valued “classical” traditions. In Asia there are dozens of important forms of puppet theatre. One could generalize that shadow theatre usually represents the early strata of puppetry with a long history and religious or magical connotations. In shadow theatre the silhouette-like figures are often cut from leather or other transparent or semi-transparent materials and they are seen through a cloth screen while manipulated by one or more puppeteers. The interaction of puppet theatre and “living theatre” is one of the characteristics of Asian theatrical traditions.
Relationship with Religion	In many of the Asian cultures, theatre and dance are still organically related religions and other belief systems today. This deep intermingling of theatre, dance and religion makes it difficult to draw a sharp borderline between dance, ceremonies and rituals, as will be apparent later.
The Preservation of Ancient Forms	In Asia there is an abundance of theatrical traditions with histories of hundreds, sometimes even thousands, of years in which the performance traditions with specific acting techniques are also still preserved. This may be due to the deep interrelationship with religion and rituals. Religious art tends to be conservative in nature and changes of style are mainly avoided. Thus Asia is a treasury of traditions representing different stages of the development of theatrical performances from stone-age rituals to later, complex court performances and to modern, often western-influenced styles. Most of these traditions preserve not only a literary heritage, but also an acting technique, costuming, masks, a make-up system etc. that have retained much of their original qualities throughout the centuries.

02/22/16

Activity 17: Check and Balance

Choose an informative or literary text. Then write reasons of why you chose it.

·         Indian Culture

o   It informs you about the literature of India.

o   It tells you about the progress of their traditions and culture.

·         Ramayana

o   It tells you about the adventures of a hero who needs to save his wife from Ravana.

o   It depicts the duties of relationships, portraying ideal characters.

·         Rubaiyat of Omar Khayam

o   It tells you about time and life.

o   It answers many questions about life.

Activity 19: Vocabulary test

·         Ashram

o   Abode, refuge

·         Apparently

o   Evidently

·         Garland

o   Wreath of flowers

·         Curse

o   Damnation

·         Heralds

o   Announce

·         Hesitate

o   Pause

·         Dynasty

o   Ancestry lines of hereditary rulers

Activity 20: ACTIVE KNOWLEDGE-SHARING

1.  How is Kanva similar to most fathers nowadays?

a.  Kanva is kind and caring and allows his daughter to have a husband.

2.  What advice did he give his daughter in her relation with her husband, her husband’s family, and the people around her?

a.  He told Shakuntala to be kind, cautious, and courteous.

3.  As described in the excerpt, what is the concept regarding the role of a woman as bride?

a.  Being a kind woman who is faithful to her husband.

Activity 21: Characters’ emotions

·         ANASUYA: Even people ignorant of wordly affairs would say that the King had not behaved like a gentleman towards Shakuntala.

o   (Complaining)

·         PRIYAMVADA: Anasuya, hurry. We are arranging for the departure of Shakuntala.

o   (With Joy)

·         KANVA: How grief weakens me when I see all those grains you scattered in offering of the cottage door sprouting! Go now! God be with you on your journey.

o   (Sighing with grief)

Activity 22:

·         Priyamvada

o   She will miss Shakuntala when she leaves.

·         Kanva

o   She tells Shakuntala to be brave on her journey, to be kind to other people, cautious to rivals, and courteous to servants. He also felt happy when his daughter met her lover.

·         Shakuntala

o   Missed her friends and father when she departed from them.