BPCC Introductory Science

Module I:

Module II:

Module III: Biological Levels of Organization:

One classification used in science is referred to as Biological levels of organization. The method is by classifying terms from the smallest to biggest.

Atom -> Molecule -> Macro-molecule -> Organelle -> Cell -> Tissue > organ -> Organ System -> Organism 

Example:

1. Atom: The smallest element unit.
2. Molecule: Are atoms that are combined together. Example: H20
3. Macro - molecule: Made up of molecules that combine together. Example: Protein and Fats.
4. Organelle - Made of macro-molecules that bonded together. Example:
5. Cell - The simplest structure considered to be alive.
6. Tissue - Cells that form together. Example: Neural tissue
7. Organ - Formed by tissues and begins to have complex functions.
8. Organ System - Formed by organs to create more complex functions.
9. Organism - Formed by multiple organ systems to keep one organism alive.

7/20/15 
Module III: Chemistry
 In order to understand anatomy and physiology, we must understand chemistry. Chemistry is involved in Metabolic processes that occur in all living things which are all chemical reactions.

• Elements - Made of one kind of atom.
• Example: Some common elements.
• C - Carbon
• H - Hydrogen
• N - Nitrogen
• O - Oxygen
• etc...
• Basic structure of an atom:
• Nucleus - surrounded by protons and neutrons, they are like the "heart" of the atom. They are located in the center of the atom.
• Protons: They contain positive charges which powers the atom.
• Electrons: They contain negative charges which powers the atom.
• Neutrons:They contain neutral charges which powers the atom.
• Electron configurations of elements:
• First shell:
• Hydrogen, Helium 
• Second Shell:
• Lithium, Beryllium, Boron, Carbon, Oxygen
• Third Shell:
• Argon, Magnesium, Silicon 
• Molecules - Are atoms that are bonded together chemically.
• Compound  - Are atoms that are bonded differently but chemically
• Example:
• Water - Compound(H20 -> H + H + 0)
• Hydrogen - Molecule(H2 -> H + H)

Module V

08.23.15

• Water
• It's the element we commonly see, you may be thinking about the sea and the glass of water in your table. But water isn't just liquid, water can be solid like ice or mists. The sea, ice and mists are made of water but what is water made of?
• Water is made of two hydrogen molecules and one oxygen molecule. The bond of the oxygen and hydrogen molecules are called covalant bonds. Covalant bonds got its name because hydrogen and oxygen share each others electrons. Because of the positive charge of the hydrogen molecule and the negative charge of the oxygen molecule, water can act as magnet that attract to other water molecules and "stick" to other molecules. Water sticks to solid objects to, that's why water is wet. H2O isn't just liquid but it can also change it's state or have another state like solid and liquid water which has slow moving molecules and gas(mist) water which has fast moving molecules. 
• In changing the state of water, you can either break up the hydrogen bonds or create an additional one. Example:
• Liquid to Gas; Solid to liquid
• Breaking Hydrogen bonds
• Liquid to Solid; Gas to liquid
• Adding Hydrogen bonds

Module 6

01/10/2016

­­­­The PH scale

The PH is a ratio that compares Hydrogen ions to Hydroxide ions. The PH scales from 0 to 14.

·         If the PH is less than 7, it is considered as acid.

·         If the PH is equal to 7, it is considered as neutral.

·         If the PH is more than 7, it is considered as base.

Acid	Neutral	Base
PH < 7	PH = 7	PH > 7
Releases Hydrogen		Releases Hydroxide
More Hydrogen	Equal Hydrogen and Hydroxide	More Hydroxide
Tastes sour	No taste	Tastes bitter
Reactive to metals	No reaction, feels wet	Feels slimy and soapy

·         Organic Compounds

o   Contains both hydrogen and carbon.

·         Inorganic Compounds

o   Releases ions and dissolves in water.

·         Electrolytes

o   Substances that ions release in water.